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Prebiotics / ProbioticS
What it's in: Xylitol is a common sugar-substitute used in sugar-free chewing gum, breath mints, candies, and baked goods. It’s also found in some smoking-cessation products like nicotine gum. Xylitol can be purchased in bulk for cooking It is almost always a good idea to add supplemental Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, or other probiotic organisms to your dog’s diet. This will support the resident microflora that are always present in the gut, enhancing digestion and absorption of nutrients, supporting detoxification and elimination processes, and helping to boost the immune system. The digestive system is the largest immune organ of the body; roughly 70 percent of the body’s immune cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and other immune warriors reside in the mucosal linings of the intestinal tract. Probiotics work in concert with these immune warriors by producing special enzymes and other chemicals that support immune functions at many levels. Probiotics will also help keep populations of “bad guy” pathogens, like Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, in check. While Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus represent some of the frequently encountered residents in the canine gut, not all dogs are host to the same mix. In fact, studies have shown that each individual dog hosts its own, custom mix of these and several other digestive bacteria – and the actual counts of each strain can vary considerably from dog to dog. It is theorized that this is because microflora are constantly evolving and adapting to the nature of the beast they inhabit. Health issues, eating habits, influences such as antibiotic therapies – or even something that was eaten while at the dog park – can affect the way beneficial microbes behave and replicate, or help determine which ones take up residence in the gut. This makes it virtually impossible to create a perfect probiotic supplement, as none can totally serve the needs of every dog’s microflora. If the probiotic you feed to your dog isn’t diverse enough to replace and support what is already living there, what other supplements can be added to a healthy diet to maintain healthy digestive flora? Maybe a prebiotic supplement. In the simplest terms, prebiotics are food for resident microflora. They are defined as indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of one or a limited number of bacterial species in the colon – specifically those which have the potential to improve host health, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. A scant, daily dose will provide the resident beneficial bacteria with the food they need to flourish. Prebiotics are a class of carbohydrates known as oligosaccharides – soluble carbohydrates that are naturally found in many foods, including whole grains, onions, bananas, garlic, honey, leeks, and Jerusalem artichokes. In the world of herbs, burdock root, dandelion root, and chicory root are rich sources, too.
Oligosaccharides differ from other types carbohydrates (sugars) in that they are indigestible in the stomach and small intestine. Instead of being broken down by acids, enzymes, and other digestive chemicals in the upper GI tract, they remain intact until they reach the large intestine, where they are finally broken down and fermented by resident microflora resulting in stimulation of the growth and/or activity of bifidobacteria and other beneficial bacteria that dogs need to properly digest their food and metabolize waste. Remarkably, prebiotics are selective about what is actually fed – good bacteria flourish, while growth of “bad” pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Peptidococci, and Clostridia is inhibited. Studies have shown that when bifidobacteria (good guy) counts increase, acid levels in the gut also increase, making the environment less hospitable to harmful strains of yeast (Candida, etc.) and pathogenic bacteria. In the colon, prebiotics may also raise levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can help protect against carcinogenesis, inflammatory bowel disease, and even some forms of chronic allergy. Many pet food and supplement manufacturers are now adding prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) to their formulas to improve the digestibility of food ingredients. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are plant sugars that occur in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and cereals. They are produced commercially by partial hydrolysis of chicory inulin (an oligosaccharide found in chicory root), or from sucrose (sugar) using an enzymatic process. In addition to improving the digestibility of various food components, FOS may also improve absorption of dietary calcium, iron, and other important minerals. Although many foods contain appreciable amounts of oligosaccharides, questions remain about how much is really available to your dog from food sources. Dogs don’t digest grains, fruits, and vegetables as effectively as humans or herbivores and therefore may not find full benefit from the oligosaccharides contained in the foods they eat. On the same note, diets comprised primarily of meat will be pretty much void of prebiotic oligosaccharides. This is where FOS offers a big advantage; it is carried directly to your dog’s large intestine, where it is needed. It is very sweet – much like powdered sugar – making it an easy addition to your dog’s food. Only a small pinch (50-100 mg) is needed for the job of feeding the “good guys” in your dog’s gut. Prebiotics in the form of an herbal extract formula - chicory root, burdock root, and dandelion root – can be added. All contain inulin, an oligosaccharide compound that is highly soluble and easily extracted into hot water. A properly made liquid tincture of any of these herbs will contain appreciable amounts of inulin in a form your dog can fully utilize. Herbs offer a distinct advantage over isolated sources of FOS in that they provide much more than just prebiotic support. Chicory, burdock, and dandelion are all known by herbalists for their antioxidant properties and their abilities to strengthen various functions of the liver and gall bladder. This in turn helps to improve digestion and aid in removal of systemic waste. fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin have been used in animal feeds and supplements for many years. They are considered safe, but overfeeding may cause flatulence and bloating – the effects of intestinal fermentation. This can usually be prevented by feeding only small amounts (e.g., one-half the recommended dose) for a few weeks until your dog’s digestive tract adjusts. Inulin has a minimal impact on blood sugar and does not raise triglycerides, making it suitable for diabetics and potentially helpful in managing blood sugar-related illnesses. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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What it's in: Xylitol is a common sugar-substitute used in
sugar-free chewing gum, breath mints, candies, and baked goods. It’s
also found in some smoking-cessation products like nicotine gum. Xylitol
can be purchased in bulk for cooking at home, and because of its dental
plaque fighting properties, nontoxic amounts can be found in some pet
oral-care products.
The average piece of chewing gum or breath mint contains between 0.22 to
1.0 gram of xylitol. Thus, a 10-pound dog would only have to eat one
piece of gum to achieve a potentially toxic dose. The amount of xylitol
typically found in most pet oral-care products is very small and, when
used properly, these products aren’t expected to cause poisoning unless
a dog ingests a very large amount. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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reader's question - aural hematoma
Q: I have an 8 year old pit and discovered a fluid sac on the inside bottom of her ear flap. There is no redness or any other symptoms and she doesn’t seem to be bothered by it. Any idea what I might be? - Sue A: You are describing what is most likely an AURAL HEMATOMA. A hematoma is swelling created by a broken blood vessel after bleeding has occurred inside a tissue. Hematomas in the earflaps (aural hematomas) occur when head shaking breaks a blood vessel within the earflap. The earflap may partially or completely swell with blood. The swelling may be so large that the opening of the ear canal is blocked off (occluded). The extra weight of the earflap may be uncomfortable and may lead to a permanent change in the carriage of the ears. This condition is more common in dogs but can occur in cats as well. The earflap will feel fluctuant and fluid-filled, like a water balloon. The following are some commonly performed procedures to correct an aural hematoma: Aspiration involves using a syringe to remove the fluid contents from the hematoma. The problem is that a space is left behind when the fluid is removed and this space readily refills with more fluid, leading to temporary results. The benefits of the aspiration method are that it is inexpensive and relatively easy to perform, but the disadvantages are that it may introduce infection and may require multiple attempts. If the clot in the hematoma is already well organized and on its way to scarring, there may not be much fluid left to aspirate and the technique may not work at all. Usually other methods are utilized. Surgery whereby an incision is made in the earflap. The hematoma is drained of fluid and blood clots. To prevent the hematoma from refilling with fluid, multiple sutures are placed in the hematoma area. Sometimes bandages are applied post-operatively, sometimes not. Sutures are generally left in place for 3 weeks to allow good scarring to take place so that refilling will not occur. The earflap is essentially quilted to close any space where fluid might refill. A teat cannula can be placed in a dog’s aural hematoma if the earflap is large enough to accommodate the device. The hematoma is drained of fluids and allowed to heal over the next several weeks. This method is generally successful but does involve the dog tolerating a gadget inserted in its earflap for several weeks. If left alone, an ear hematoma will resolve by itself. The fluid will be re-absorbed back into the body and the earflap will no longer bulge. The problem is that a lot of scarring is associated with this process and the ear is often not cosmetically appealing afterwards (it becomes a cauliflower ear). Resolution of a large hematoma can take several months during which it may be uncomfortable for the pet. If the patient is a poor anesthetic risk, it is certainly reasonable to forgo surgery. Usually there is a reason why a dog has been shaking his/her head: an ear infection. This means that the ear infection must be treated along with the hematoma. The ear will need cleaning, microscopic examination of the discharge, and medication. Sometimes ear shaking just happens and there is no underlying infection but be prepared for the expense and trouble of treating an ear infection along with that of the hematoma. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Giardiasis is the intestinal disease caused by the parasite Giardia canis. Giardiasis usually affects dogs, particularly puppies, but can occur in cats. In North America, it’s fairly common in people too. It's not so much that it is passed directly from animals to humans, but that both come into contact with the same contaminated water source which typically is tap water from a contaminated lake or stream. Many dogs pick it up from puddles at the dog park. Infection is more common in kennel situations where animals are housed in groups. The majority of the parasite’s life cycle is spent in the intestines of its unwitting host. After infection, it takes 5 to 12 days in dogs or 5 to 16 days in cats for Giardia to be found in the host’s stool. The parasite forms a hard cyst that gets passed in feces and is thus spread into the environment. Because cysts can stick to the fur of the infected patient and be a source for re-infection, the positive animal should receive a bath at least once in the course of treatment. Diarrhea, severe or mild, is most common sign of giardiasis. The diarrhea can be either intermittent or chronic. A rancid odor to the feces is often noticed. Usually the diarrhea goes away on its own and the pet is fine, but some severe cases can cause weight loss and general lethargy. Most pets don’t become seriously ill because of Giardia, so the prognosis is almost always good. However, if a pet has some underlying disease, particularly one that compromises the immune system, giardiasis can cause a more serious infection. However, even these animals typically recover with slightly more intensive treatment. Not all patients with Giardia actually have diarrhea but because Giardia is the most common intestinal parasite affecting humans in North America, treatment is generally recommended for the pet testing positive even if no symptoms are being shown. The idea is to reduce human exposure. If an infected animal is in the home, it is important for the animal to be bathed at the completion of treatment and retested to minimize the potential for reinfection of the pet and of the humans in the house. Good hygiene, such as washing one's hands after handling the infected pet or its waste and prompt disposal of feces, is especially important in this situation. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Part II - WHAT CAUSES A HEART MURMUR?
The short answer to this question is “turbulent blood flow.” Like the water in a calm river or stream, blood flowing normally flows through the heart with laminar flow – that is, it is smooth and undisturbed. And like a river or stream, narrowing or other causes of more rapid flow will disrupt this smooth laminar flow. In a river the turbulent rapids emit sounds much louder and less tranquil than the calmer sections of river. In the heart we hear this turbulence as a murmur. There are lots of things that can cause turbulent flow. A dog or cat’s heart has four chambers – two atria and two ventricles (one of each on each side). Blood initially enters the heart in the right atrium. The blood then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle which pumps the blood through the pulmonic valve into the lungs to pick up oxygen (among other things). The oxygenated blood then enters the left atrium. Blood in the left atrium passes through the mitral valve to reach the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body. The purpose of each of the valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic) is to keep the blood flowing forward, not backward, through the circuit described above (RA->RV-> lung > LA>LV>body). If a valve malfunctions (e.g., it doesn’t open or close properly), it can disturb blood flowing through it enough to create turbulence and the result is that your veterinarian will hear a murmur. The most common murmurs in dogs are associated with leaky mitral valves. In other cases, the turbulence develops because there is a “hole in the heart” between two chambers or two arteries that are not normally connected. Another cause is a narrowing (stenosis) within a chamber or vessel through which the blood has to “squeeze” through, like water through a pinched hose. Finally, turbulence can be heard when the blood is too “thin” (anemia) or even when a patient is very excited causing the heart to pump faster and harder than normal. ~ ~ ~ ~ Next month we will distinguish between the types of murmurs heard on auscultation. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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A heart murmur is one of several types of abnormal sounds your veterinarian can hear when listening to your pet’s heart with a stethoscope. Normally, two distinct sounds are heard when listening to the heart of a normal dog or cat. These are often described as lub and dub. When listening with a stethoscope one hears, lub-dub...lub-dub...lub-dub. A murmur is an abnormal extra sound which can sometimes drown out the normal sounds. Murmurs most commonly occur between the lub and the dub and have a shooshing or whooshing quality. Hearing a heart murmur during a routine physical examination will often be the first hint that your pet has heart disease. Hearing a murmur is only a hint that something is wrong, a clinical sign, not a final diagnosis. Hearing a murmur is reason to consider more discussion and tests to determine the cause of the murmur (the diagnosis). Knowing the diagnosis and severity of the cause of the murmur allows your veterinarian (or a cardiologist they consult) to provide you with an educated guess (prognosis) regarding how this heart problem may affect your pet in the future. Hearing a murmur is not a reason to panic. Many dogs and cats with murmurs live normal lives and never need any treatment for heart disease. But the only way to know for certain is to work with your veterinarian to determine the cause and severity of the cause of the murmur. Next month: What causes a Heart Murmur
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PUPPY KINDERGARTEN
Elbow dysplasia is the most common cause of front limb lameness in the young dog, especially of the larger Good basic handling and training prevent most problems from turning into serious issues as the dog matures. We all want to enjoy our puppies and have them grow into safe dogs that spend long and happy lives in our homes. Puppy kindergarten is a great start to making this happen. Your puppy needs this learning environment during critical development stages. If socialization during these stages is missed, some puppies will never be as successful as they could otherwise have been at fitting into your home. Sadly, when a dog can’t function safely with humans, it can ultimately mean a lost home and a lost life. When Is Your Puppy Ready? - Puppies mature at different rates, but classes typically try to get the pups into class prior to 6 months of age. heading off a lot of potential behavior problems. Consult your veterinarian about the best timing for your puppy to take classes. This will depend on the pup’s health and immune status as well as what illnesses are going around. Discuss when to start your pup in class with the instructor, too. Goals and Benefits of Puppy Kindergarten - Several things can be accomplished through puppy kindergarten classes, especially if you keep these objectives in mind: 1. Your pup can begin a lifelong love of going to dog events and gatherings that include other well-behaved dogs. 2. A good class is an opportunity for a weekly outing with your puppy with the supervision of a skilled instructor to help you. 3. Your puppy can gain a love of learning new things that will last for life. It’s amazing what dogs can learn, once they know how to learn and have the confidence that they can do it. 4. You and your puppy develop a working relationship that enables you to safely take the puppy out for other social experiences and continued training. 5. A puppy that might otherwise have grown up fearful and defensive can gain confidence and overcome early problems with people and other dogs. When your puppy is still little and cute, certain lessons are easily taught that would require much more work if delayed. Puppy kindergarten is enormously helpful to humans and dogs, and provides about the best entertainment possible. For a small fee you get to participate in something that is mentally, emotionally, and physically healthy for you and your dog. Seeing the other puppies and sharing the experience with the other puppy-loving humans adds to the fun. Be sure to take the opportunity to do this with and for your puppy.
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Elbow dysplasia is the most common cause of front limb lameness in the young dog, especially of the larger breeds. Dysplasia comes from the Greek dys, (abnormal) and plassein (to form). Thus, dysplasia refers to abnormal development, in this case of the elbow joint. The elbow is formed from the meeting of three bones: the humerus, which is the boney support of the upper limb from the shoulder to the elbow; the ulna, which runs from the elbow to the paw along the back of the limb; and the radius, which supports the major weight-bearing along the front of the lower limb. All three of these bones need to grow and develop normally and at the same rate such that they fit perfectly at the elbow. If there are any abnormalities along these lines or if the cartilage lining the elbow joint does not form properly then “dysplasia” or abnormal formation is the result. Elbow dysplasia can take several different forms. Specifically, ununited anconeal process (UAP), fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP), osteochondritis dessicans of the medial humeral condyle (OCD), ununited medial epicondyle (UME), and elbow incongruity all qualify as types of elbow dysplasia that can be present individually or in combination. While all of the variations are distinct and probably develop in different ways, they have in common that they produce loose pieces of bone and/or cartilage within the joint that act as irritants much as a pebble does in your shoe! All of these variations also have in common that they are primary problems that invariably lead to the secondary development of arthritis within the elbow. The term “arthritis” simply describes inflammation within a joint. The longer an elbow joint is ill-fitting or irregular, the more arthritis forms. While traumatic episodes may affect the development of the elbow joint, the vast majority of elbow dysplasia cases are genetic in origin. The first sign of a problem is a mild to moderate front limb lameness in a young dog between the ages of 4 to 10 months. If the problem is not diagnosed at this stage, more marked lameness may be noted as severe arthritis sets in. The use of an arthroscope provides the preferred means of diagnosis and treatment for many cases of elbow dysplasia. Some cases may be managed with open joint surgery and still others may do well with medications alone such as anti-inflammatories. Early surgical management of these problems provides the best chance for minimizing arthritic changes in these elbows, but it must be conceded that virtually all dysplastic elbows will develop some degree of arthritis. Older dogs, where arthritis is well established, may still benefit to some degree from arthroscopic surgery but the benefits are less predictable. The newest generation of canine anti-inflammatory drugs along with chondroprotectives such as glucosamine and diets high in omega-3 fatty acids can also provide some relief. Elbow replacement is an exciting new treatment that has been developed in the last couple of years and, although not widely available, holds great promise for the future.
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Demodectic mange is caused by a microscopic mite of the Demodex genus. All dogs raised normally by their mothers possess this mite as mites are transferred from mother to pup through cuddling during the first few days of life. Most dogs live in harmony with their mites, never suffering any consequences from being parasitized. However, if conditions change to upset the natural equilibrium, such as some kind of suppression of the dog's immune system, the Demodex mites may gain the upper hand. The mites proliferate and can cause serious skin disease. Demodectic mange (unlike saccoptic mange) is not considered a contagious disease and isolation of affected dogs is generally not considered necessary. While there are still assorted theories about dog to dog transmission of Demodex mites, there is no question that mites cannot be transmitted to humans or to cats. w Mites live inside hair follicles -- a difficult place for miticides (chemicals that kill mites) to reach. w Mites are normal residents of dog skin; it is only in some individual dogs that mites cause problems. Treatment is not necessary or recommended for localized demodicosis but there are treatment options for people who simply cannot feel right about doing nothing. Goodwinol ointment, an insecticide, may be used daily to control localized demodicosis. Antibacterial gels are also used against localized demodicosis and associated skin infections. Resolution of a localized demodicosis lesion should be at least partially apparent after one month although total resolution can take up to three months. Approximately 10% of localized demodicosis cases will progress to generalized demodicosis. Enlarged lymph nodes are a bad sign, often foretelling generalized mange. It is important that dogs with a history of generalized demodectic mange not be bred as there is a hereditary component to the development of the disease. The treatment of demodicosis only in part relies on medications; some basic steps can be taken with regard to pet care to maximize the chance of success. Physiological stress is an important factor determining the degree of severity of demodectic mange. Current Treatment of Choice – Ivermectin. Ivermectin is a broad spectrum anti-parasite medication with a number of uses though its use in treating demodicosis is not approved by the FDA. Ivermectin is inexpensive relative to milbemycin and involves no labor intensive bathing. It does, however, taste terrible if given orally. This medication cannot be assumed safe for use in Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, Old English Sheepdogs and any herding breed. Traditional Treatment -- Amitraz (Mitaban) Dips. Unless the animal is largely bald or has a short coat, complete clipping will be required for maximal contact with the dip. Dip should be preceded by a benzoyl peroxide bath to help clear up skin infections and open the hair follicles so the dip can penetrate to the mites. Shampoo must stay on the pet at least 10 minutes before rinsing. The younger the dog, the better the chance of cure is. Most dogs less than one year and a half years of age recovery completely from generalized demodicosis. In many cases of adult-onset demodicosis, the disease is controlled with treatment but cure is not always possible. Some cases can never be controlled. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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In May 2009, the USDA approved the licensure of the first vaccine for canine influenza. This vaccine was developed by the Intervet / Schering Plough Animal Health Corporation and contains an inactivated whole virus. The canine influenza vaccine is intended as an aid in the control of disease associated with the virus. Although the vaccine may not prevent infection altogether, efficacy trials have shown that it may significantly reduce the severity and duration of clinical illness. Furthermore, the vaccine reduces the amount of virus shed and shortens the spreading period, this reducing spread of disease between dogs. Currently Washington State is not considered endemic for canine influenza virus according to Dr. Edward J. Dubavi at Cornell University. Outbreak of this virus was first recorded in Florida 2004 and outbreaks have occurred around greyhound race tracks in several states. Current areas considered endemic for canine influenza include Florida (although confirmed cases have dropped considerably), Colorado, New York City region, Virginia, and emerging areas of Pittsburgh PA) and Lexington (KY). Sporadic seropositive dogs have been found in many states in the nation, including Washington State. The canine influenza vaccine is a non-core vaccine recommended for the protection of dogs at risk for exposure to the virus, i.e., those that participate in activities with other dogs and/or are housed in communal facilities in areas that have a high prevalence for virus. The need for vaccination should be based on travel considerations and/or activities of the dog that will increase risk of exposure to canine influenza virus. A Canine Influenza Backgrounder can be found at the American Veterinary Medical Association website, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Cats can be affected by inflammation of the entire mouth called stomatitis or lymphocytic plasmacytic syndrome (LPS). An immune related cause (the body becomes allergic to plaque around the teeth) is suspected. Many cats affected by (LPS) will have difficulty chewing hard food or be unable to eat, develop weight loss, and have excess salivation. Oral pain may cause a decrease in self grooming, resulting in a scruffy hair coat. Oral examination often reveals a cobble stone-like redness in the throat area and severe inflammation where the tooth and gums meet. The premolar and molar areas are usually affected more than the canines and incisors. Intraoral x-rays often reveal moderate to severe periodontal disease. In addition to generalized inflammation, all stages of feline oral resorptive lesions (FORL) may be present. There are many options that may give short-term response including antibiotics, steroids, laser therapy, as well as interferon and other immune modulators. Extraction of the teeth behind the canines will resolve between 60% to 80% of the stomatitis cases. Gingival inflammation is traditionally associated with Stomach Fire and/or Heart Fire in Chinese Medicine. Some of the formulas that are used to clear Stomach Heat and replenish Stomach Yin such as Qing Wei San (‘Clear the Stomach Fire’) or the topical application of Bing Peng San mixed with baby toothpaste may help. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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List of Ingredients in Pet Foods
Many of you with dogs are aware that they can have debilitating anxiety attacks to the fireworks on Independence Everyone is familiar with a list of ingredients. We see these lists on the foods that we consume. Pet foods also have a list of ingredients with the most predominant components listed first according to their weight. Each term on this list is specifically defined by the AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) and a catalog of definitions is available for all the terms that may be used on this list. One might think something like chicken or beef does not really require a definition but, in fact, the AAFCO finds that it does. CHICKEN: the clean combination of flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from the parts or whole carcasses of chicken or a combination thereof, exclusive of feathers, heads, feet and entrails. BEEF: the clean flesh derived from slaughtered cattle, and is limited to that part of the striate muscle which is skeletal or that which is found in the tongue, in the diaphragm, in the heart, or in the esophagus; with or without the accompanying and overlying fat and the portions of the skin, sinew, nerve and blood vessels which normally accompany the flesh. This may seem bizarrely graphic but it is important to differentiate the main flesh of the meat source from the by-products (which are generally the organ meats) or meat meal (which is basically ground up meat) or meat digest (meat that has been treated with enzymes). There has been an assortment of rumors regarding meat by products that suggest that these include hair, feathers, hooves or other poorly digestible tissues. It should be noted that these tissues are specifically excluded from the definition of by products by the AAFCO. Another source of confusion in the ingredient list is the fact that the vitamins that fortify the pet food are listed by their biochemical names. This tends to make the list read like some sort of chemical textbook. Here is a handy guide for those unfamiliar with common supplements: Thiamin - more commonly known as vitamin B1 Riboflavin - more commonly known as vitamin B2 Niacin - more commonly known as vitamin B3 Pyridoxine HCl - more commonly known as vitamin B6 Alpha Tocopherol - more commonly known as vitamin E Calcium Pantotheriate - also called coenzyme A, an important metabolic cofactor Ferrous sulfate - an iron supplement A more complicated issue would be what to look for on an ingredient list. Some labels flaunt such statements as “no soy” or “no corn” or “no preservatives” or “no by-products.” Some make a point of having meat as first ingredients while others have grains as first ingredients. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Many of you with dogs are aware that they can have debilitating anxiety attacks to the fireworks on Independence Day. Even though this holiday comes on the same date every year, it can still catch us off guard. There are numerous ways to help your pet deal with the loud noises of fireworks. Some of the options include desensitization, which unfortunately takes a great deal of time and can make some pets more fearful. Desensitization involves playing a sound track of loud noises such as thunderstorms or fireworks at a low level and gradually over the course of weeks, increasing the volume. An important part of desensitization is to intermittently reward calm behavior with praise or a treat. Again, not all pets respond well to this. Western Washington does not have thunderstorms frequently and they are difficult to predict. However, a pet that has been desensitized would be better able to handle the unpredictable. The most common option is to give pets sedatives during the period around the Fourth of July. Some pets are unable to tolerate certain sedatives due to medical conditions or age. Always ask the advice of your veterinarian before giving a medication. Sedatives are a prescription medication and your veterinarian is REQUIRED by law to examine your pet before prescribing medications. Anti-anxiety medications and sleep aids for humans are more common in many households these days. Dogs and cats are not little humans and some of these human medications can be fatal for your pet. A final option that we as Washingtonians enjoy is the chance to visit our Canadian neighbors on the 4th. July is a nice time to visit British Columbia. Be certain to check with your veterinarian for border requirements when traveling with your pet to Canada. Also make sure you know the requirements for returning to the U.S. Depending on the length of stay, a health certificate and a Rabies Vaccination Certificate may or can be required. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
A joint consists of articulating bones, a fibrous capsule enclosing the joint, and slippery lubricating joint fluid to facilitate the gliding of the two bones across each other when the joint is flexed. The bones are capped by cushions of cartilage to facilitate frictionless gliding. Cartilage consists of what is called matrix (which makes up 95% of cartilage, the other 5% being chondrocytes, the cells that secrete the matrix). Cartilage matrix consists of collagen (tough structural fibers) and proteoglycans (water absorbent molecules). The function of a proteoglycan is to soak up water thus creating a cushion, sort of like a water bed, to absorb the pressure exerted on the joint as it works. Over years, either through injury or poor conformation, cartilage wears down or is damaged and arthritis results. The body must then make more matrix and will require the raw materials to do so. Polysulfated GAGs may be injected into the body where they will be distributed to any joints currently effecting cartilage repair. It turns out, however, that polysulfated GAGs represent more than just building materials. They have anti-inflammatory properties of their own that help slow down the actual damage to the cartilage. They also promote enzyme systems that facilitate other aspects of joint repair beyond simply making more matrix. They help the joint create more lubricating fluid as well. The active ingredient in Adequan® is polysulfated GAG, which is mostly chondroitin sulfate, extracted from cow tissue (the trachea, to be exact). In treating arthritis, injections are given twice a week for 4 weeks for a maximum of eight injections. Injections are given intramuscularly. Dogs, cats, and horses are the usual patients. Adequan may be combined with NSAIDs and with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. There is another more controversial use for this medication and that is in the treatment of feline lower urinary tract disease. One of the theories of this very complicated syndrome is that the GAGs that line the urinary bladder and help protect the bladder tissue from the irritating urine become depleted. By giving a GAG injection they may be restored, thus helping to resolve the urinary discomfort associated with this syndrome. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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The normal canine eye receives its tear film from two lacrimal (tear-producing) glands. One gland is located above the eye, and the other is fo Fleas are the most common external parasite of companion animals. Flea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease of dogs and cats! Flea control has always been a challenge for veterinarians and pet owners because the adult fleas cause the clinical signs, yet the majority of the flea population (eggs, larvae and pupae) are to be found off the pet in and around the home. The ideal flea control program utilizes products that target the various stages of the flea life cycle, not only the adult fleas on the pet. Eggs are laid in the hair coat and are designed to fall off the host. They are resistant to insecticides, but susceptible to various insect growth regulators. Larvae develop in the host’s environment and feed on adult flea feces (blood) that fall out of the hair coat of the pet. Larvae are susceptible to traditional insecticides, borates and insect growth regulators. Larvae eventually spin cocoons (often within carpet fibers) for pupation. Pupae are resistant to freezing, desiccation, and insecticides. Pupae can lie dormant for many months; they are stimulated to expupate as emergent adults by vibration, warming and increased carbon dioxide. Normally, expupation occurs when a host is near and the new flea finds the pet within seconds of emergence. Emergent fleas are fairly mobile and can survive a few days without a host, if in a suitable environment. New fleas begin feeding within hours of finding a dog or cat. Once a blood meal has been taken, the flea can survive only a short time if it is dislodged from the host. New fleas experience very high mortality on healthy adult hosts. Most fleas do not survive 72 hours on an animal that is itching and able to groom itself. Unfortunately, limited egg production does occur even on allergic animals. The entire life cycle of C. felis can be completed in as few as 16 days! For the flea allergic patient, continuous excellent flea control is required to remain symptom free. Even very minimal exposure may be sufficient to perpetuate itching in a hypersensitive patient. In the past, veterinarians and pet owners always had to try to control fleas by treating the environment of the animal for the immature stages of the flea. Today, veterinarians have some great flea control products in our arsenal. There are now several highly efficacious, long lasting and very safe new products to choose amongst: Program® and Sentinel® (Lufenuron), Nylar® (Pyriproxifen), Advantage® (imidacloprid), K9 Advantix® (with permethrin), Advantage Multi® (with moxidectin), Frontline® Spray, Frontline Plus® and Frontline Top Spot® (fipronil), Revolution® (selamectin), Capstar® (nitenpyram), Comfortis ® for Dogs (spinosad), Promeris for Cats® (metaflumizone), Promeris Duo for Dogs® (metaflumizone/ amitraz), Vectra 3-D for Dogs® (dinotefuran, permethrin, pyriproxifen), Vectra for Cats® (dinotefuran, pyriproxifen).
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The normal canine eye receives its tear film from two lacrimal (tear-producing) glands. One gland is located above the eye, and the other is found within the animal's third eyelid. The gland of the third eyelid contributes a significant portion of secretion to the tear film. In the smaller breeds -- especially Boston terriers, Cocker spaniels, bulldogs and beagles -- the gland of the third eyelid is not strongly held in place. The gland prolapses (slips out) to where the owner notices it as a reddened mass. Out of its normal position, the gland does not circulate blood properly and may swell. Historically, the prolapsed gland was treated like a small tumor and was simply removed. That was before the full significance of the gland was realized. If the third eyelid's tear gland is removed, it cannot be put back in place. If the other tear gland (the one above the eye) cannot supply adequate tears, which is not an uncommon phenomenon in older small breed dogs, then the eye becomes dry and uncomfortable. A thick yellow discharge results and the eye develops a blinding pigment covering for protection. This condition is called simply dry eye, or more scientifically keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and daily medical treatment is required to keep the eye both comfortable and visual. Not only is dry eye uncomfortable for the pet, its treatment is often frustrating and time-consuming and there is expense involved. We would like the dog to maintain the greatest amount of tear producing tissue possible, thus removing the gland for cosmetic reasons is not an acceptable treatment method. The only acceptable treatment of cherry eye is replacement of the gland in its proper location. Harmful complications from cherry eye surgery are unusual but recurrence of the cherry eye is common. If a cherry eye recurs, it is important to let your veterinarian know so that a second surgery either with your normal veterinarian or with an ophthalmology specialist can be planned. An owner should expect some postoperative swelling after cherry eye repair but this should resolve and the eye should be comfortable and normal in appearance after about a week. If the eye appears suddenly painful or unusual in appearance, it is important that it be rechecked as soon as possible. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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The adrenal gland is so named because it is located just forward of the kidney (renal means kidney). The center of the gland is called the medulla and the outer area is called the cortex. While both areas produce hormones, Addison's disease concerns the hormones produced by the cortex; these hormones are called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are the hormones that enable us to adapt physiologically to stress. They gear the metabolism towards the preparation of burning (rather than storing) fuels so as to be ready for a fight or flight situation. The mineralocorticoids influence the electrolytes: sodium and potassium. As a general biological rule, where there's sodium or salt, there's water. When the mineralocorticoids circulate as part of the fight or flight preparation, sodium is conserved in anticipation of blood loss so that there will be extra fluid in the vascular compartment (spare blood). When sodium is conserved, potassium is lost as part of the biological balance. The fight or flight preparation is far more complex than can be reviewed here but the bottom line is: Corticosteroid hormones are needed to adapt to stressful situations and without these hormones, even small stresses could lead to physiologic disaster. In animals with Addison's disease, there is a deficiency of the corticosteroid hormones. Patients are usually young (age 4-5 years) female dogs. At first signs are very vague - listlessness, possibly some vomiting or diarrhea. Ultimately, the disease results in a phenomenon known as the Addisonian crisis. The animal collapses in shock. The patient may not survive this episode. Corticosteroid hormones are needed to adapt to stressful situations and without these hormones, even small stresses could lead to physiologic disaster. Because of the numerous symptoms Addison's disease can be present with, Addison's disease has earned the medical nickname "the Great Imitator." The only definitive test for Addison's disease is the ACTH stimulation test. A lack of response is diagnostic for Addison's disease. The most important aspect of treatment for hypoadrenocorticism is the replacement of the missing mineralocorticoids hormones. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive disease of undetermined cause that affects the spinal cord. It results in a loss of coordination of the hind legs, which progresses to weakness and then to paralysis of the hindquarters. What happens is that the structures within the spinal cord that are responsible for nerve impulses degenerate. In degenerative myelopathy, the myelin (the insulation around the nerve fibers) and the axons (the nerve fibers that carry signals to the muscles) are affected. While these changes can happen anywhere along the spinal cord, they usually happen in the lower back. Typically, degenerative myelopathy isn't seen in dogs under the age of five. The degeneration occurs slowly over a period of several months. Often the first signs noticed are difficulty getting up in the hind quarters. This awkwardness is most noticeable when the dog walks on a smooth surface. However, as the disease progresses, the dog becomes uncoordinated and will scuff or drag its rear feet, causing excessive wearing of the toenails. Sometimes one side is more noticeably uncoordinated than the other. The disease can either wax and wane episodically or progress steadily. It usually takes a few months to a year after onset for a dog to become unable to walk. There is no known cause for this disorder, although a genetic basis is presumed in German shepherds. Genetic, nutritional, and immune factors have been suggested, but none have been scientifically proven. While this is mostly a disease of middle-aged to older German shepherds, German shepherd mixes, Siberian huskies, Collies, and other breeds can also be affected. It is not thought to cause pain or discomfort because the spinal cord axons have no way to feel pain. Usually, affected dogs can still urinate and defecate on their own until the very late stages. Diagnosis is a matter of eliminating other diseases, including spinal cord cancer, osteomyelitis (bone infection), and disk disease/injury. This elimination process usually involves radiographs of the spine, myelograms, or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). The disease can be managed, but it can not be cured. Exercise in the form of walking or swimming helps more than anything else as treatment. If the dog is old or has arthritis, be sure to build up to exercise rather than taking a “weekend warrior” approach. The most beneficial schedule is a day with regular exercise, followed by a day of rest. Specific exercise is best, not just running around in the backyard.
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Canine aquatic exercise has become very popular in the past decade. The buoyancy of the water can effectively cancel out up to ninety percent of the weight of a dog. The effect of buoyancy allows for gentler active exercises by decreasing the loads placed on the injured tissues and weight bearing joints compared to exercises performed on land. For this reason, aquatic therapy is a wonderful choice for the treatment of osteoarthritis, spinal pathology, obesity, post-surgical conditions (especially knee and hip surgeries), post-injuries or other disorders in which a dog is reluctant to use the limb or there is lack of strength, range-of-motion (ROM), proprioceptive ability, or weight bearing status. Water exercises are generally less painful than land exercises because of the support that buoyancy provides. Therefore water exercises may result in less discomfort and provide a better sense of security when initiating active movements. This helps maintain ROM and functional movement before the strength gains needed to perform the same movements on land. The hydrostatic pressure of water provides a constant pressure to the body or limb immersed in water providing an improved environment for working with swollen joints or edematous tissues. Also, aquatic exercises may be used as a transition to land based exercises in post-surgery or post-injury rehabilitation. Overall, the potential benefits of aquatic therapy are strengthening, restoration of muscle mass, cardiovascular endurance, speeding recovery time after surgery or injury, increasing blood flow to injured tissues, helping with weight management, providing strong, positive psychological benefits, improving daily function, and relieving pain.
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Despite the highly contagious nature of all the feline upper respiratory agents, most cats are at a very small risk for exposure. Typically infected cats come from the shelter, are outdoor cats, or are housed in closed contact with lots of other cats (experiencing crowding stress). The average housecat, who is not exposed to any rescued kittens, lives with only one or two other cats at most, and never goes outside is unlikely to break with infection. Ninety percent of feline upper respiratory infections are caused by either feline Herpes or feline Calicivirus – therefore, vaccinate your pet! Neither of these infections is transmissible to humans. Most feline colds run a course of 7 to 10 days regardless of treatment but it is important to realize these infections are permanent and that herpesvirus infections are recurring. A cold for a cat is usually just a nuisance but sometimes can be serious, especially if the cat stops eating or drinking. Painful ulcers can form on the eyes, nose, or in the mouth. Dehydration can result from fluid lost in the nasal discharge. Sometimes a fever is high enough to warrant monitoring; or pneumonia may result. Seek veterinary assistance if you think your cat is significantly uncomfortable. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Q: Are bladder infections contagious? A: The bladder is a sterile area of the body, which means that bacteria do not normally reside there. When bacteria gain entry and establish growth in the bladder, infection has occurred and symptoms can result. With pets with bladder infections, we see some of the following signs: ** Excessive water consumption ** Urinating only small amounts at a time ** Urinating frequently and in multiple spots ** Inability to hold urine the normal amount of time/apparent incontinence ** Bloody urine (though an infection must either involve a special organism, a bladder stone, a bladder tumor, or be particularly severe to make urine red to the naked eye) It is especially important to realize that many animals do not show any externally visible signs of their bladder infections and, since they cannot talk, screening tests are the only route to discovering the infection. It is also important to realize that it is the inflammation associated with infection that causes these symptoms. There can be infection without much inflammation (particularly if the patient is on a cortisone-type anti-inflammatory medication) and there can be inflammation without infection (the usual situation in feline lower urinary tract disease). Because bladder infections are localized to the bladder, there are rarely signs of infection in other body systems: no fever, no appetite loss, and no change in the blood tests. The external genital area where urine is expelled is teeming with bacteria. Bladder infection results when bacteria from the lower tract climb into the bladder, defeating the natural defense mechanisms of the system (forward urine flow, the bladder lining, inhospitable urine chemicals, etc.). But bladder infections are not contagious. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY in CATS
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats today. Cats with HCM have thicker than normal heart walls seen with an echocardiogram. The first sign of HCM often will be your veterinarian reporting that your cat has a heart murmur but, most cats with HCM show no signs until the later stages. Or the first sign may be quite distressing: • difficulty breathing (as a result of fluid build up in the chest and/or lungs) • sudden and often very painful hindlimb or forelimb weakness or paralysis (as a result of a clot blocking flow to the limbs) • sudden death (at home, or during an elective procedure involving anesthesia). Young cats (even those less than 6 months of age) can be affected, but the diagnosis is most often made in middle-aged and older cats. HCM tends to run in families, and is seen most often in Maine coon cats, American shorthairs, and Persians. However, it can be seen in any cat. Signs of HCM can be as subtle as a lack of appetite. Observant owners often note an increase in the resting respiratory rate and weight loss. Because cats tend to hide signs of disease until they are very sick, you should check in with your veterinarian when you see subtle signs, such as those that persist for more than a day or two. There is no surgical treatment or definitive medical therapy to cure HCM. Medications are often prescribed for cats with congestive heart failure, rapid heart rates, or clots or high risk of clots to the legs. If there is fluid in the lungs, a diuretic and possibly an ACE inhibitor will be prescribed. If there is fluid in the chest, the veterinarian may have to physically drain the fluid from the chest (prior to beginning treatment and intermittently thereafter). Prognosis is not easy to predict. Many cats can live a long time with HCM and never need medications. Others will die suddenly or progress to develop congestive heart failure. The worst outcome, in terms of discomfort and frustration because of a lack of proven ways to prevent the first or future recurrence, is clots to the limbs or other organs. Your veterinarians, working with a veterinary cardiologist, are your best guide to diagnosis and treatment for your cat. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Q: I have a 10 month old Ragdoll kitten. She was fixed when I purchased her. I noticed she has a unusual somewhat offensive odor coming from her bottom area. It does not smell like stool or urine and her bottom is clean with no signs of stool or urine staining. She keeps herself clean and uses her box regularly which I clean daily. What could this be? - email from Jamie A: Anal sacs (also called anal glands) are two small glands just inside your pet's anus. The material secreted into these glands is thick and foul smelling. Most animals can empty these glands voluntarily for scent marking or in self-defense. Walking around and normal defecation usually serves to empty the glands but some animals become unable to empty their glands on their own at all. The sacs become impacted and uncomfortable. Dogs with impacted anal sacs usually scoot their rear on the ground in an attempt to empty the glands. Some dogs will lick their anal area and other dogs will chase their tails. Cats often lick the fur off just under their tails. If an impacted anal sac does not get emptied an abscess can form and rupture out through the skin. This is a painful, messy, and pretty smelly condition often mistaken for rectal bleeding. If an anal sac abscess forms, it must be properly treated by your veterinarian. The need to empty the anal sacs is a highly individual situation. The best recommendation is to let the pet tell you when the sacs are full. If the pet starts scooting again, it is time to bring him in. To avoid the expense of having the sacs emptied, you can learn to empty them yourself at home but most people feel it is well worth having someone else perform this service. A non-invasive technique that helps some patients is a change to a high fiber diet. This will produce a bulkier stool that may be more effective in emptying the sac as it passes by. If the sacs need to be emptied every few weeks or more, you may opt to have the sacs permanently removed. This procedure is complicated by many local nerves controlling fecal continence, the fact that any change in the local musculature of the anal sphincter area can affect fecal continence, and the fact that with chronic anal sac problems anatomy is distorted. Many people own pets for years without ever learning that anal sacs exist at all, and the wives' tale that worms cause scooting erroneously continues. If you have further questions about anal gland disease, ask your veterinarian. If scooting continues for more than a few days after sac emptying, the sacs should be re-checked. For some individuals, it takes several sac emptyings in a row before the sacs stay emptied. If the sacs are empty and scooting is persisting, another cause (such as itchy skin or lower back pain) should be pursued. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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A portosystemic shunt (PSS) happens when a pet’s venous blood from the intestine bypasses the liver. The pet can be born with the shunt (congenital) or can get it later (acquired). About three-quarters of the cases are congenital, although sometimes a pet can have both types. During pregnancy, the portal blood vessel in the fetus bypasses the liver (i.e., the mother’s liver filters out toxins for the fetus). Normally this shunt closes within three days after birth. In affected animals, the shunt doesn’t close and the blood continues to bypass the liver. Because the liver filters toxins, if the liver is bypassed, the toxins build up in the body. This results in the puppy or kitten having slow or nonexistent growth (failure to thrive). If left untreated, puppies and kittens are not likely to survive. Congenital shunts seem to happen more in purebreds than in mixed breeds. Breeds with increased risk of PSS include Cairn terriers, Maltese, Yorkshire Terriers, Irish Wolfhounds, Himalayans, and Persians. An acquired liver shunt is usually caused by liver problems (due to poisons, hepatitis, and inflammation, etc.) that resulted in the body routing blood through whatever blood vessels are available, even if it means bypassing the liver. As happens with congenital shunts, the liver can’t filter what doesn’t pass through it, so toxins build up in the body. Signs include stunted growth, not gaining weight, losing weight, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, unresponsiveness, temporary blindness, seizures, staring into space, disorientation, circling, poor skin and coat, excessive drinking, excessive urination, etc. Sometimes the pet will just act odd after eating or pace around or press its head against the wall. The signs you will see depend on the location of the shunt and how many toxins have built up in the body. Some pets will only have one sign, while others could have several. Blood tests, urinalysis, and imaging tests can be used for diagnosis. Blood bile acids are elevated after a meal, so the before-meal and after-meal bile acid levels will be compared. Despite the variety of tests available, a confirmed diagnosis may not be available until surgery is done. Some pets with liver shunts can do well with medical and dietary management. Surgical repair of the shunt is common, particularly for congenital shunts, but it seems to be more successful in dogs than in cats. Surgery is usually, but not always, the best option for a normal life span. Affected pets should never be bred because it is too much strain on the body and because this condition runs in families. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |
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Ear mites are tiny infectious organisms resembling microscopic ticks. Since the mite can barely be seen it usually is detected by examination of a sample of ear wax under a microscope. Infection usually produces a characteristic dry black ear discharge. The discharge is composed of ear wax, blood, inflammatory biochemicals, and ear mites themselves. The presence of the mites is inflammatory and can generate very irritating ear infections. Skin disease can also result from infection by the ear mite. The mite lives on the surface of the ear canal skin, though sometimes migrates out onto the face and head of its host. Eggs are laid and hatch after 4 days of incubation. The larva hatches from the egg, feeds on ear wax and skin oils for about a week, and then molts into a protonymph, which in turn molts into a deutonymph. The deutonymph mates with the adult male. After mating, the deutonymph molts into either an adult male or an adult female. If she becomes a female, she will be gravid with eggs as a result of the mating. If he develops into a male, there are no consequences to the mating and he is ready to mate with deutonymphs of his own choosing. The adult mite lives approximately 2 months happily eating ear wax and skin oils. The life cycle (the time it takes for an egg to develop into an adult mite ready for parenthood) requires 3 weeks. Most ear mite cases are found in cats. Dogs can be infected as well but since dogs more commonly get ear infections of other types, ear infections in dogs rarely involve mites. Ear mites readily transmit from host to host by physical contact. Ear mites came from some other animal with whom your pet has been socializing. Because mites are easily transmissible by physical contact, treatment for mites often must include all household pets. Ear cleaning is needed at the beginning of therapy (and possibly at the end) to remove the irritating wax and debris. Be sure to have the ears re-checked according to your vet’s recommendations. Do not make the diagnosis of ear mite infection yourself. If you think your pet has an ear infection, see the vet for proper evaluation rather jumping straight to an over-the-counter remedy. You will need the right diagnosis before an effective treatment can be started. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ As always, we recommend that you check with your veterinarian for your pet’s immediate health needs and concerns. If you have questions about your pet’s health, care, and well-being, email your question to: NtTAskOurVet@aol.com |